Depression in Final-Year Medical Students in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: The Role of Career-Choice Motivation.

OBJECTIVES: Depression in medical students is concerning, potentially fueled by many stressors including career choice-relating stress. Choosing Medicine is a life-long commitment, and low intrinsic motivation or excessive dependence on family can complicate this decision and adding stress throughout their training. This stress intensifies in the final year, as students lacking personal drive struggle to see themselves continuing the career. Given limited studies on this crucial topic in Asia and Vietnam, we explored direct linkage between career choice motivation and depression in final-year medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 569 final-year students between June and July 2020. The Vietnamese Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and 16-item CCM questionnaire were used as survey tools. Univariate analysis was used for descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequency, mean (M), standard deviation (SD). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to explore the relationship between variables using STATA 5.1. RESULTS: The depression among participants was about 24.6% (PHQ-9 cut-off ≥ 12). No difference in gender was found regarding depression. The most acknowledged motivator is securing employment (M = 4.14, SD = 1.02) and the least is parental wishes (M = 3.17, SD = 1.32). Familial influence on career choice significantly increased odds of having "moderately-severe depression" (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.32) and "severe depression" (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.10-1.68), whereas, career-choice motivators including satisfaction (OR = .76, 95% CI .60-.97), self-competence (OR = .80, 95% CI .66-.97) and career success (OR = .84, 95% CI .71-.99) were found to be protective factors for depression. CONCLUSIONS: Roughly a quarter of final-year medical students encountered depression. Occupational security ranked as the primary motivator, with parental wish being the least. Familial influence heightened depression risk, while career prospects, satisfaction and self-efficacy acted as protective factors. Medical career paths should align with intrinsic motivations and personal interests for better mental health outcomes.

Application of artificial neural networks in assigned leadership and academic success in medical graduates.

OBJECTIVE: To apply an artificial neural networks analysis (ANN) model to identify variables that predict assigned leadership and academic success in graduates of six generations of medical school. METHOD: Analytical, retrospective, comparative study. A total of 1434 graduates participated. A questionnaire was sent to them by e-mail including a voluntary participation consent. A multivariate statistical analysis using multi-layer perceptron ANN, decision trees and driver analysis was performed. RESULTS: The ANN identified seven independent variables that predicted professional success and eight for leadership in medical graduates. The decision trees identified significant differences in the variables professional performance (p = 0.000), age (p = 0.005) and continuing education activities (p = 0.034) related to professional success, and for leadership the variables gender (p = 0.000), high school grades (p = 0.042), performing clinical practice during the social service year (p = 0.002) and continuing education activities (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The ANN identified the main independent predictor variables of professional success and leadership of the graduates. This study opens up two new lines of research little studied with the techniques of in the area of medicine.

OBJETIVO: Aplicar un modelo de análisis de redes neuronales artificiales (RNA) para identificar las variables que predicen el liderazgo asignado y el éxito académico en egresados de seis generaciones de la carrera de Medicina. MÉTODO: Estudio analítico, retrospectivo y comparativo. Participaron 1434 egresados. Se envió un cuestionario por correo electrónico que incluyó el consentimiento de participación voluntaria. Se realizó análisis estadístico multivariado mediante RNA del tipo perceptrón multicapa, árboles de decisión y análisis de impulsores. RESULTADOS: Las RNA identificaron siete variables independientes que predijeron el éxito profesional y ocho para el liderazgo en los médicos egresados. Los árboles de decisión identificaron diferencias significativas en las variables desempeño profesional (p = 0.000), edad (p = 0.005) y actividades de educación continua (p = 0.034) relacionadas con el éxito profesional, y para el liderazgo las variables sexo (p = 0.000), promedio en el bachillerato (p = 0.042), realizar práctica clínica en el servicio social (p = 0.002) y actividades de educación continua (p = 0.011). ­. CONCLUSIONES: Las RNA identificaron las principales variables independientes predictoras del éxito profesional y el liderazgo de los egresados. El estudio abre dos líneas de investigación poco estudiadas con las técnicas de RNA en el área de la medicina.

The value of medical shadowing for high school students: A three-dimensional view.

Medical shadowing helps provide clinical exposure to aspiring and current medical students, mainly at the college level. This paper makes a case for making medical shadowing opportunities more widely available for high school students. Through the perspective of a high school student who got such an opportunity, we demonstrate that high school students can gain valuable clinical knowledge and exposure to the ethics involved in patient care, inspiring them to explore further pathways that will help them make better-informed academic and career choices. This high school student provides pointers on preparing for medical shadowing encounters through background research and developing a note-taking template. We also offer early-career and experienced physicians' perspectives on how providing medical shadowing opportunities to high school students benefits practicing physicians by energizing their motivation, reaffirming their commitment to the profession, and gaining a fresh perspective on their work. We believe that medical shadowing for high school students can open channels to attract and motivate a young and diverse talent pool to the medical profession that will help mitigate the projected shortfall of physicians in the next decade.

Attitudes toward ophthalmology as a prospective career among pre-clinical medical students in China.

BACKGROUND: A questionnaire was developed and administered to 450 medical students at the Xiangya Medical College, Central South University in Changsha, China to understand the attitudes among medical students in China toward different medical specialties and to find the factors that influenced their choice of career in ophthalmology. PARTICIPANTS: Fourth-year medical students in the five-year program and sixth-year medical students in the eight-year program. METHODS: All the students were asked to rate the importance of nine possible factors in choosing a specialty as their vocation and their first ranked future specialty career choice. RESULTS: When asked about the reasons for choosing to go to medical school, the top four reasons are the ability to help patients, interesting and challenging work, prestige, and job stability. When asked about the reasons for choosing a specialty, the top four reasons are the ability to find employment, financial reward, career upward mobility, and professional pressure. About the first career choice of the future specialty, for clinical medicine students, ophthalmology is the fifth ranked choice for clinical medicine students. 5.6% (five-year) and 3.4% (eight-year) of them choose ophthalmology as their top ranked specialty for their career. For anesthesia medicine and oral medicine students, most of them preferred to choose the same specialty as before. 1.5% (anesthesia) and 4.5% (oral) of them chose ophthalmology as their top ranked specialty. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students in China have numerous factors that motivate their choice in a specialty. Ophthalmology is the fifth ranked choice among clinical medicine students.

Integración de la vinculación-investigación en la carrera de Medicina de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de Los Andes

Introducción: La integración de la investigación científica y la vinculación es clave para la contribución de las universidades a la solución de los problemas de la sociedad mediante la transferencia de conocimientos y la innovación. Objetivo: Caracterizar el proceso de integración entre vinculación e investigación en la carrera de Medicina de UNIANDES. Método: Se realizó una investigación predominantemente cualitativa y descriptiva con la utilización del análisis documental y la entrevista. Se revisaron documentos rectores, lineamientos, y políticas, aplicadas en la carrera de Medicina. Se aplicaron entrevistas a los coordinadores en la carrera para buscar volumen informativo acerca de estas dos actividades y las proyecciones concretas de transversalización. Resultados: Se denotó una debilidad en cuanto a la gestión de la vinculación con la sociedad, ausencia de una visión más amplia de una gestión integral donde no solo se imbrique vinculación con docencia en las prácticas preprofesionales sino en los proyectos integradores y la existencia de la voluntad de los directivos institucionales en gestar desde la investigación una verdadera vinculación universidad-sociedad. Conclusiones: Falta una visión más amplia de la integración entre los tres procesos claves universitarios, se evidencia solo la relación entre docencia y vinculación a partir de las prácticas preprofesionales, dejando fuera la base y génesis que deben ser los proyectos integradores de saberes. En aras del perfeccionamiento de esta integración se deben proponer proyectos de innovación social donde se unan vinculación e investigación, garantizar la publicación de los resultados de los proyectos de innovación social en las revistas internas de UNIANDES y en otras de impacto regional o mundial.

Introduction: The integration of scientific research and linkage is key for the contribution of universities to the solution of society's problems through the transfer of knowledge and innovation. Objective: Characterize the integration process between linkage and research in the UNIANDES Medicine degree. Method: A predominantly qualitative and descriptive research was carried out with the use of documentary analysis and interviews. Governing documents, guidelines, and policies applied in the Medicine career were reviewed. Interviews were carried out with the coordinators in the program to search for volume of information about these two activities and the specific projections of mainstreaming. Results: A weakness was noted in terms of the management of the link with society, absence of a broader vision of comprehensive management where not only linkage with teaching is intertwined in pre-professional practices but also in integrative projects and the existence of will of institutional directors to create a true university-society link through research. Conclusions: A broader vision of the integration between the three key university processes is missing, only the relationship between teaching and connection is evident from pre-professional practices, leaving out the basis and genesis that knowledge-integrating projects should be. In order to perfect this integration, social innovation projects must be proposed where linkage and research come together, guaranteeing the publication of the results of social innovation projects in the internal journals of UNIANDES and in others with regional or global impact.

Introdução: A integração e articulação da investigação científica é fundamental para a contribuição das universidades na solução dos problemas da sociedade através da transferência de conhecimento e inovação. Objetivo: Caracterizar o processo de integração entre vinculação e pesquisa na graduação em Medicina da UNIANDES. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa predominantemente qualitativa e descritiva com utilização de análise documental e entrevistas. Foram revisados documentos normativos, diretrizes e políticas aplicadas à carreira de Medicina. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os coordenadores do programa para buscar volume de informações sobre essas duas atividades e as projeções específicas de mainstreaming. Resultados: Constatou-se uma fragilidade na gestão do vínculo com a sociedade, ausência de uma visão mais ampla de uma gestão integral onde não só o vínculo com o ensino esteja entrelaçado nas práticas pré-profissionais, mas também nos projetos integradores e na existência de vontade de instituições diretores para criar um verdadeiro vínculo universidade-sociedade através da pesquisa. Conclusões: Falta uma visão mais ampla da integração entre os três principais processos universitários, apenas a relação entre ensino e conexão é evidente nas práticas pré-profissionais, deixando de fora a base e a gênese que os projetos integradores de conhecimento deveriam ser. Para aperfeiçoar esta integração, devem ser propostos projetos de inovação social onde a articulação e a investigação se unam, garantindo a publicação dos resultados dos projetos de inovação social nas revistas internas da UNIANDES e em outras com impacto regional ou global.

Análisis histórico tendencial del proceso de formación del componente investigativo en la carrera de Medicina / Historical trend analysis of the formation process of the investigative component in the Medicine career

RESUMEN Introducción: dada la complejidad creciente de los problemas de salud de la población, se hace imprescindible perfeccionar el componente investigativo en los futuros médicos para asumir este reto y actuar en correspondencia con el contexto. Objetivo: describir las tendencias que han caracterizado el proceso formativo del componente investigativo en la carrera de Medicina. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cualitativa con enfoque histórico, a partir de la revisión documental, el método cronológico y la utilización de informantes clave, como métodos predominantes para desarrollar el objetivo de este estudio. Resultados: la sistematización teórica realizada posibilitó la determinación de los hitos histórico-pedagógicos para describir los indicadores asumidos, su progreso en cada una de las etapas y dilucidar las tendencias que han caracterizado dicho proceso. Discusión: el proceso de formación del componente investigativo en la carrera de Medicina ha ido en ascenso con el perfeccionamiento de los planes y programas de estudio. Sin embargo aún persisten insuficiencias, dada entre otros factores por la no acertada proyección desde las ciencias básicas biomédicas, para comunicar los resultados de la actividad investigativa del estudiante, con el uso de las tecnologías disponibles en correspondencia con el contexto.

ABSTRACT Introduction: given the growing complexity of the health problems of the population, it is essential to improve the research component in future doctors to take on this challenge and act in correspondence with the context. Objective: to refer to the trends that has characterized the training process of the research component in the Medicine career. Methods: a qualitative research with a historical approach was carried out, based on the documentary review, the chronological sub-method and the use of key informants, as predominant methods to develop the objective of this study. Results: the theoretical systematization carried out made it possible to determine the historical-pedagogical milestones to describe the assumed indicators, their progress in each of the stages and elucidate the trends that have characterized said process. Discussion: the formation process of the investigative component in the Medicine career has been on the rise with the improvement of the study plans and programs. However, insufficiencies still persist, given, among other factors, by the unsuccessful projection from the basic biomedical sciences, to communicate the results of the student's research activity, with the use of available technologies in correspondence with the context.

Factors affecting medical student's decision in choosing a future career specialty: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Diversity in the specialties is essential to provide optimal health care. Future career specialties chosen by the students had great significance for balanced doctor's distribution in different specialties, as it determines the composition of the physician workforce. Therefore, there has been a deeper interest in the issues of career preference among medical students. We aimed to determine and assess the factors perceived to be significantly attractive when choosing a future specialty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional-based study was conducted among undergraduate medical students from all of the medical schools in Jordan from April to September 2021. The data was collected using a structured online questionnaire through social media platforms and completed by 1556 students. The questionnaire consisted of three sections. The first section included the sociodemographic data of the participants, while the other two sections included questions about future specialty and the factors that influence the student's choice. Informed consent was taken from the participants. RESULTS: Of the participants, (64%) were female. The mean age of the students was 20.9 years. Regarding the future specialty, 664 students (42.7%) preferred surgery as future specialty (females = 364, males = 300). While 505 students (32.5%) preferred specialty in medicine (females = 365, males = 140). Moreover, 349 students had no decision until now regarding their future specialty (females = 238, males = 111). Generally, the surgical specialty was the most preferred specialty, while the basic science specialty was the least preferred. Specialty in medicine and surgery was the most preferred specialty among females and males respectively. CONCLUSION: Surgery in general was the most popular specialty among medical students. Other common choices were neurosurgery, internal medicine, and pediatrics. The more attractive factors were the appeal of being in the specialty, the influence on patient's lives, the potential for patient interactions and the high income. While the least attractive factor was having a long-term relationship with the patients.

Graduates' perceptions of the role and availability of career guidance at medical school.

BACKGROUND: Very limited research has investigated the extent or the impact of career guidance provided to medical students. AIMS: We aimed to explore the perceptions of recent graduates of Irish medical schools of the availability, accessibility and utility of both formal and informal career advice resources during their university experience. METHODS: The study population was junior doctors in their first postgraduate year. Both an online questionnaire, distributed nationally, and a focus group were conducted to explore the topic via mixed-methods research methodology. Findings were synthesised, with quantitative and qualitative analysis applied as appropriate. RESULTS: Graduates of all medical schools within Ireland were invited to participate in the survey. Questionnaire responses were received from 117 junior doctors enrolled in intern networks across the country, from a potential population of 580 (response rate 20.2%). Five interns participated in the focus group discussion. The existence of a formal career advice programme at medical school was reported by 10.3% of questionnaire participants (12/117). Fifty-three per cent (62/117) did not recall any career advice sessions being organised by their university. Only 7.7% (9/117) perceived that adequate career advice had been available at medical school. Focus group participants reiterated a lack of career guidance but highlighted the importance of authentic clinical exposure to a specialty to complement guidance programmes. CONCLUSIONS: Career guidance at medical school is sparse, and recent graduates feel this should be improved upon.

Caracterización de los estilos de aprendizaje en los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina Integral Comunitaria del estado Falcón, Venezuela

RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene un carácter descriptivo explicativo causal y es el resultado de la colaboración entre profesionales cubanos y venezolanos involucrados en la dirección del proceso de formación de la carrera Medicina Integral Comunitaria en la Universidad de Ciencias de la Salud Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, del estado de Falcón. Dirigido a caracterizar los estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de primer año, teniendo en cuenta el modo en que en ello repercuten la edad y el sexo. Se desarrolló durante el curso 2020. La muestra seleccionada estuvo constituida por 126 estudiantes de una población de 244. El instrumento diagnóstico utilizado fue el cuestionario del modelo de Kolb. Aunque existe diversidad de estilos de aprendizajes, se evidenció el predominio del estilo reflexivo en ambos sexos; sin embargo, en el caso del sexo masculino también predomina el pragmático junto al reflexivo.

ABSTRACT The present study has a causal explanatory descriptive character and is the result of the collaboration between Cuban and Venezuelan professionals involved in the direction of the training process of the Comprehensive Community Medicine career at the University of Health Sciences Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, of the state of Falcón. Aimed at characterizing the learning styles of first-year students, taking into account the way in which age and gender affect the learning styles. The study was developed during the 2020 academic year. The selected sample consisted of 126 students from a population of 244. The diagnostic instrument used was the Kolb model questionnaire. Although there is a diversity of learning styles, the predominance of the reflective style was evidenced in both sexes; however, in the case of the male sex, the pragmatic style also predominates along with the reflective one.

The Impact of the SARS-COV-2 Pandemic on the Mental Health and Employment Decisions of Medical Students in North China.

Background: The outbreak of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) has led to long periods of social isolation for individuals across the world. Although medical students generally have a high prevalence of mental health problems, they have received less attention than other groups concerning the impact of SARS-COV-2. Therefore, the present study investigated the mental health status, risk factors, and protective factors for mental health problems in medical students in North China during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Methods: A WeChat-based survey, which included the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 and measures of social demographics, was performed twice. Risk and protective factors were identified by binary logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 702 effective questionnaires were collected in two separate surveys. In total, 24.55% of medical students were suffering anxiety to different degrees of severity, 13.18% were suffering depression in the first survey, and 3.71% wanted to give up working in primary medical care during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic in the second survey. In contrast, during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, a risk factor for anxiety and depression was gender which is male, while being knowledgeable about the SARS-COV-2 pandemic and having a lower academic burden were both protective factors. Conclusions: Measures are required to prevent increases in mental health problems in medical students. Our findings suggest that increasing knowledge about the SARS-COV-2 pandemic and reducing academic burden in medical students is extremely important during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic.

The effect of career guidance on undergraduate medical students' specialty preferences.

OBJECTIVE: To design and implement a career guidance programme for medical students, and to evaluate its effectiveness. METHODS: The quasi-experimental single-group study was conducted at the College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia, during the 2018-19 academic year. A modified Medical Career Development Inventory covering 5 areas was used to assess how much students' thinking or planning had improved after implementing the designed career guidance programme following Kern's 6 steps for course design. This was done through focussed group discussions. In the second phase, a comprehensive sample comprising 4th and 5th year male and female medical students was enrolled to assess their readiness, planning and choice of specialties, and to compare the same variables post-intervention. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. RESULTS: There were 50 students in the first phase; 30(60%) males and 20(40%) females. In phase II, there were 82 subjects; 47(57.3%) males and 35(42.7%) females. Pre-intervention mean result was 2.60±0.29 which increased post-intervention to 3.16±0.20 (p=0.018), suggesting an improved degree of vocational development. CONCLUSIONS: The career guidance programme significantly improved degree of vocational development and readiness to cope with developmental tasks encountered throughout a physician's career.

Mobility during and after training: autobiography and advice to early career colleagues.

Mobility programs can be a valuable enhancement to medical formation and career, either during or after training as part of an internship or as a fellowship. In the case of surgery, the opportunity to visit departments who offer a broader range of operations than the home institution, learn new clinical and surgical techniques are unique possibilities to expand surgical and clinical daily routine practice but also to meet colleagues and exchange experiences for future collaboration and networking.

Parental influences on medical students' self-efficacy and career exploration in collectivist culture.

INTRODUCTION: Families, especially parents, play an important role in identifying their children's talents and directing their educational journey. The role of parents in their children career applies both to collectivist and to noncollectivist culture. AIM: To examine the correlation between parental influences on medical students' self-efficacy and career exploration in collectivist culture. METHODS: This research was a quantitative study. The study involved 1017 medical students of medical faculties in four faculties of medicine in Indonesia. All data were collected online in August 2018. The study was conducted using an online survey questionnaire and analyzed to finally form a model that displays the determinants of career exploration behavior. The data were analyzed using the maximum likelihood estimation in IBM AMOS 24. RESULTS: The results found a model that has various routes toward career exploration in collectivist culture. Path analysis revealed both direct and direct effect toward the variable studied. Parents' expectations had influence on self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: The findings show the important role between the influence of parents expectations for self-efficacy and career exploration in children.

Medical career expectations of academically talented high school students: a nationwide cross-sectional study in China.

BACKGROUND: Academically talented high school students (ATHSSs), an exceptional cohort, are not well studied for their career expectations, especially for those with medical career expectation (MCE). Nowadays, the public perception of the medical profession is changing in China. The purpose of this study was to answer questions about 'is medicine attractive for ATHSSs and 'what factors affect medical career expectations (MCE) for ATHSSs' in China. METHODS: A total of 16,479 representative ATHSSs in senior three completed a questionnaire and four different academic tests. Frequency statistics showed the proportion of ATHSSs with MCE. Unpaired t-tests were performed to find out the differences in demographics, family background, and academic performance between students with and without MCE. The logit models analysis were applied to explore the potential factors that affected the MCE of this exceptional group of students. RESULTS: ATHSSs with MCE accounted for 20.6% (ranking 7/18) of the respondents. They were more likely to be female, came from relatively poorer families, lived in a rural area, and performed significantly worse in all academic tests except for mathematics, compared with those without MCE. In addition, the results revealed that gender (ß = - 0.436, p < 0.01), region of hometown (ß = - 103, p < 0.1), mother's years of schooling (ß = - 0.019, p < 0.05), and father's occupational status (ß = - 0.005, p < 0.01) contributed significantly to the MCE of academically talented students. Better performance in mathematics affected the MCE of ATHSSs taking the liberal arts and science tests differently. CONCLUSIONS: We found the medical career is becoming unattractive to academically talented students and the medical career may be losing their aura in China. Students who have medical career expectations are likely to be females and to have a weak family background.

From 'neurotic' to 'managing' mother: The 'medical career' experienced by mothers of a child diagnosed with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

Objective Despite increased research into how caring for a child diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) affects mothers, more needs to be known about ways in which such experiences transform their lives. Insight into the experiences of such mothers was sought through analysis of interviews with eight mothers and one father caring for a child with JIA. Design The study is situated within a larger project involving families with a child with JIA. A social constructionist approach was adopted and grounded theory including a 'negative case,' guided gathering and analysing data. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted based on the research question: 'What is it like to be the mother of a child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis?' Results Findings suggest that mothers find difficulty living up to the 'ideal mother' expected within Western society when forced to provide competing demands of age-related, yet illness-relevant care. The unpredictable nature of JIA means mothers face a lack of understanding from professionals so become hyper-vigilant, 'battling' on behalf of their ill child. A self-perpetuating loop develops if this is misperceived as being overprotective, leaving mothers vulnerable to being judged 'neurotic'. However, with experience, often at an emotional cost, such mothers' confidence in managing the competing demands of caring for their ill child increases such they can navigate a positive journey from 'neurotic' to 'managing' mother. Conclusions Understanding this process could help health care professionals reduce stressful experiences faced by mothers when caring for a chronically ill child. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Mothers of chronically ill children are often diagnosed with anxiety and depression. Such mothers will have taken over managing their child's condition, and this can include negative experiences within the health care system. Qualitative methods enable deeper understanding of the experiences of mothers of chronically ill children. What does the study add? Potentially gendered position of mothers of children with chronic conditions. Taken for granted assumptions implicitly underpin interactions between mothers and some professionals. Greater partnership between mothers and professionals ultimately improves the care of the ill child.

Association between HEXACO personality traits and medical specialty preferences in Mexican medical students: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Medical specialty is a critical choice in a physician's life because it determines their professional future and medical practice. While some are motivated to choose a specific specialty based on the monetary gain it can provide, others are inspired by seeing the work performed by a physician or by a patient's recovery. It is common to stereotype doctors' personalities by their specialty. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study in which we administered the 100-item HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised to 292 medical students between September 2018 and March 2019. We evaluated six different domains of personality traits. We also included questions about their medical specialty of choice, their least preferred specialty, and the motivation behind these choices. The participants included 175 women (59.9%) and 117 men (40.1%). RESULTS: When the participants were asked about their preferred type of medical specialty, 52.4% indicated a preference for surgical specialties (surgical group) vs 47.6% who preferred clinical specialties (clinical group). We found that the surgical group showed significantly higher scores for Extraversion and Organization domains, while the clinical group showed significantly higher scores on the Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness domains. We identified critical differences within the overall group of medical students by their medical specialty preference. CONCLUSIONS: Some classical stereotypes were confirmed by our results, such as surgical specialists tending to be more extroverted and organized, whereas clinical specialists were prone to being more introverted, anxious, and more emotionally attached to their patients.

Impact of MiniMedJob as medical career intervention program.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Medical career exploration is a continuous process that one should invest on throughout their academic life. However, lack of resources and time are the main barriers in establishing suitable intervention. Therefore, the needs for flexible intervention are crucial, as it can improve medical career choices. This study aimed to improve career self-efficacy and to open the insight of medical students in choosing a variety of medical careers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted using quasi-experimental study design with nonequivalent control groups design (pretest-posttest) using a modified model from a preexisting medical career intervention (MedJob™) labeled as MiniMedJob™. A total of 122 1st-year medical students from Sriwijaya University, Indonesia, were voluntarily joining the study. The effectiveness of MiniMedJob™ in increasing students' self-efficacy was evaluated using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney statistical tests using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0, Armonk, New York. RESULTS: MiniMedJob™ was proven effective to improve medical students' career self-efficacy (P = 0,000). The mean of the pretest and posttest for the intervention group was 77.79 ± 10.12 and 87 ± 8.36, respectively. While for the control group, the mean of pretest was 87.00 ± 8.36 and for the posttest group was 83.55 ± 7.96. Despite the higher score of the intervention group compared to control group, statistically, it was insignificantly different (P = 0,084). CONCLUSIONS: MiniMedJob™ is proven effective in improving medical students career self-efficacy despite their shorter period and fewer activities compared to preexisting intervention model.

A formação inicial de Antônio Luis Cavalcanti de Albuquerque de Barros Barreto: uma trajetória rumo à saúde internacional / The early training of Antônio Luis Cavalcanti de Albuquerque de Barros Barreto: an itinerary to the international health

Resumo Analisa a formação do médico Antônio Luis Cavalcanti de Albuquerque de Barros Barreto, com passagens pela Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro e pelo Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, bem como sua atuação na divulgação do projeto da Fundação Rockefeller no Brasil. A partir de testamento, relatos orais, tese de doutoramento e notícias de jornais, é possível compreender as especificidades da turma de 1913 do Curso de Aplicação do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e como seus estudantes estiveram articulados em ações relativas ao projeto de saúde internacional. O texto evidencia que a defesa dos acordos com a Fundação Rockefeller podia causar controvérsias, negociações e concessões em estados onde ela ainda não havia penetrado, como ocorreu em Pernambuco.

Abstract The article analyzes the education and training of the physician Antônio Luis Cavalcanti de Albuquerque de Barros Barreto, who studied at both the Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Medicine and Oswaldo Cruz Institute and who promoted the Rockefeller Foundation's project in Brazil. An examination of a will, oral accounts, Barros Barreto's medical thesis, and newspaper reports reveals characteristics of the class of 1913 at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute Specialization Program and shows how these students engaged in the foundation's international health initiatives. The text demonstrates how the idea of partnering with the foundation fueled controversies, impelled negotiations, and led to concessions in states where the foundation had yet to establish its presence, as in Pernambuco.

A Qualitative Study Exploring the Determinants, Coping, and Effects of Stress in United Kingdom Trainee Doctors.

OBJECTIVES: Evidence suggests United Kingdom trainee doctors are experiencing high levels of stress; however, little is known about what determinants contribute to stress, coping mechanisms to mitigate stress, and the effects of stress are in current trainee doctors. Hence, this study aims to explore the determinants, coping mechanisms as well as the effects of stress in this group. METHODS: Focus groups were undertaken with trainee doctors in North West England to better understand the determinants, coping mechanisms, and effects of stress. Informed written consent was obtained and focus groups were recorded and transcribed. Transcriptions were analyzed using QSR NVivo v11. RESULTS: A total of 44 trainee doctors participated in 11 focus groups. Respondents comprised UK graduates and international medical graduates, across all stages of training in a range of different specialties. Four main themes were identified as determinants: (1) Expectations and guilt, (2) Feeling undervalued, (3) Managing uncertainty and risk, (4) Work environment. Four main themes were identified as coping mechanisms: (1) Reflection and insight, (2) Work-life balance, (3) Work and training environment, (4) Development as a doctor. Two main themes were identified as effects of stress: (1) Negative outcome on wellbeing, (2) Outcome on career. CONCLUSIONS: A range of determinants contributes to stress in trainee doctors and they utilize a range of mechanisms to cope. Stress in their working lives can also affect their wellbeing and careers. These findings could be used to improve the understanding of stress in trainee doctors and assist in the development of supportive interventions.

The system of values and styles of success in the medical career: A longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relation between system values during medical education and styles of success in the medical career. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The participants were first examined when they applied to the medical school. Questionnaires were given to these students each academic year. Medical doctors who had participated in the first phase of the study completed a questionnaire 4 years after their graduation, too. The baseline questionnaire measured the system values. The follow-up questionnaire included measures of quality of life, work stress and burnout, satisfaction with medicine as a career and professional competency. RESULTS: The identified 3 groups of students representing 3 types of careers had been different regarding their preferred terminal values and instrumental values. Out of 3 groups, 2 presented a high risk of burnout. What is more the life goals (terminal values) are relatively stable, but preferable modes of behavior (instrumental values) are likely to change. The most important differences between students who may suffer from burnout later as doctors and those who are at a lower risk are e.g., family security, freedom, happiness, mature love, self-respect, social recognition and wisdom. CONCLUSIONS: The Rokeach Value Survey may be applied to identify specific tendencies in the development of medical career. The obtained results may be used by the medical school admission officers as well as resident selection committees in order to identify candidates who may be at risk of professional difficulties. Authors can identify during medical education which student will be at risk of professional burnout after studies. Thus there could be a selection of interventions directed toward differentiated groups of students, e.g.: supplying them with proper coping vs. guiding them, to increase life satisfaction and productivity. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(6):823-835.